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    «Organic Farming and Food»
    In organic farming, crops, meat and other food are produced without chemicals. Fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones and antibiotics are forbidden. During thousands of years of civilization, the raising of animals and growing of plants have always been organic.
    Chemicals for farming first came up at the turn of the 20th century. Widespread use of chemicals began after World War II.
    In the 1950s and 60s, farmers started using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Recently, however, more and more farmers have been returning to more natural ways of producing farm products.
    Organic farming methods (Органические методы ведения сельского хозяйства)
    Instead of chemicals, organic farming uses a lot of organic matter to give crops the nutrients that they need to grow. Clover, for example, has a lot of nitrogen in it and farmers use it to make the soil better. Manure from animals and compost are also used to enrich the soil. These fertilizers also help conserve the soil, not destroy it after a few years.
    Organic farmers also use crop rotation to preserve the good qualities of soils and avoid monoculture.
    Chemical pesticides destroy or weaken many of the natural enemies of pests, like birds or frogs. They also can kill those insects that control a great number of pests.
    Organic farming creates new living areas for wasps, bugs, beetles and flies by giving them water and food.
    Weeds are controlled by using special machines. Hay, straw and wood chips are put between the rows of plants to stop weeding.
    Many agricultural products can be produced in an organic way. Meat, dairy products and eggs come from animals that are fed organically and can graze outdoors. They live in conditions that are natural to them. Cows, for example, are kept in pastures and fields. Vegetables and fruit are also produced with organic methods.
    Conventional versus organic farming
    Conventional farmers
    — apply chemical fertilizers to the soil to grow crops;
    — spray crops with insecticides and pesticides to prevent them from being damaged by pests and disease;
    — use herbicides to stop the growth of weeds.
    Organic farmers
    — build soil with natural fertilizers in order to grow crops;
    — rely on the natural enemies of pests;
    — use crop rotation to conserve soil;
    — pull out weeds by hand.

    Advantages of organic farming
    — Farmers can reduce their production costs because they do not need to buy expensive chemicals and fertilizers.
    — Healthier farm workers.
    — In the long term, organic farms save energy and protect the environment.
    — It can slow down global warming.
    — Fewer residues in food.
    — More animals and plants can live in the same place in a natural way. This is called biodiversity.
    — Pollution of ground water is stopped.
    Disadvantages of organic farming
    — Organic food is more expensive because farmers do not get as much out of their land as conventional farmers do. Organic products may cost up to 40% more.
    — Production costs are higher because farmers need more workers.
    — Marketing and distribution are not efficient because organic food is produced in smaller amounts.
    — Food illnesses may happen more often.
    — Organic farming cannot produce enough food that the world’s population needs to survive. This could lead to starvation in countries that produce enough food today.
    About 1-2% of the world’s food is produced with organic methods. The market, however, is growing very quickly — by about 20% a year. In Europe, Austria (11%), Italy (9%) and the Czech Republic (7%) are the countries in which organic food production as it its highest.

  • During thousands of years of civilization, the raising of animals and growing of plants have always been organic.

    ---During ?

  • Pollution of ground water is discontinued.

  • In Europe, Austria (11%), Italy (9%) and the Czech Republic (7%) are the countries in which organic food production as it its highest.

    ---??? Наверно, вы хотели сказать: Such European countries as Austria (11%), Italy (9%) and the Czech Republic (7%) are the ones in which organic food production is at its highest.